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Ubuntu安装记录

网技

1、ubuntu18.04换国内源

打开/etc/apt/sources.list

sudo nano /etc/apt/sources.list

将原有的数据注释掉，换上国内镜像

阿里云源

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deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ bionic main restricted universe multiverse
deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ bionic-security main restricted universe multiverse
deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ bionic-updates main restricted universe multiverse
deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ bionic-proposed main restricted universe multiverse
deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ bionic-backports main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ bionic main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ bionic-security main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ bionic-updates main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ bionic-proposed main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ bionic-backports main restricted universe multiverse

清华源

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deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ bionic main restricted universe multiverse
deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ bionic-updates main restricted universe multiverse
deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ bionic-backports main restricted universe multiverse
deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ bionic-security main restricted universe multiverse
deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ bionic-proposed main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ bionic main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ bionic-updates main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ bionic-backports main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ bionic-security main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ bionic-proposed main restricted universe multiverse

中科大源

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deb https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ bionic main restricted universe multiverse
deb https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ bionic-updates main restricted universe multiverse
deb https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ bionic-backports main restricted universe multiverse
deb https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ bionic-security main restricted universe multiverse
deb https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ bionic-proposed main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ bionic main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ bionic-updates main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ bionic-backports main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ bionic-security main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ bionic-proposed main restricted universe multiverse

更改完成之后执行以下命令

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sudo apt update
sudo apt upgrade

2、安装Chrome

wget https://dl.google.com/linux/direct/google-chrome-stable_current_amd64.deb

sudo dpkg -i google-chrome-stable_current_amd64.deb

3、unrar解压带密码压缩包

sudo unrar e -p XXXX.rar

4、切换桌面管理器

sudo dpkg-reconfigure gdm3

或

sudo dpkg-reconfigure lightdm

或

sudo dpkg-reconfigure sddm

5、ubuntu升级/降级内核

ubuntu内核网址

首先，查看自己的grub版本:

grub-install --version

查看自己现有的内核版本（完全版）

grep 'menuentry' /boot/grub/grub.cfg

复制上面信息中menuentry之后的单引号内的字符串

修改grub，在终端中输入

sudo nano /etc/default/grub

将第一个GRUB_DEFAULT=0的0修改为”Ubuntu，Linux ..-*-generic”(注意要加双引号，星号替换为内核版本号)
更新grub设置，在终端中输入

sudo update-grub

如果看到下面有

警告： Please don’t use old title Ubuntu，Linux ..-**-generic’ for GRUB_DEFAULT,use Advanced options for Ubuntu>Ubuntu，Linux ..–generic’(for versions before 2.00) or
`gnulinux-advanced-237310b8-5d8a-4e13-bcbd-37ef97be8341>gnulinux-..--generic-*
advanced-237310b8-5d8a-4e13-bcbd-37ef97be8341’ (for 2.00 or later)

则根据之前看到的grub版本，如果大于等于2.00，则返回第四步把第三个单引号内的字符串复制粘贴。否则把第二个单引号内的字符串复制粘贴，也就是说一定要重新修改一次grub。

修改完成后,再次在终端中输入

sudo update-grub

此时不应再看到任何警告提示，重新启动

sudo reboot

注意，我内核替换之后系统炸了，进不去，而且切换其他tty命令行执行无反应，我的办法是用ubuntu启动盘进入试用系统，然后修改系统硬盘/etc/default/grub和/boot/grub/grub.cfg，主要是在/boot/grub/grub.cfg文件中把默认内核替换成之前系统正常可以使用的内核，然后重启就可以了。至于为啥其他tty命令行执行无反应，我也不知道。

6、安装nvidia驱动

（https://wiki.debian.org/NvidiaGraphicsDrivers#Version_340.108_.28legacy_GPUs.29）

查看驱动程序包名称

sudo apt install nvidia-detect

卸载安装失败的驱动

sudo apt purge nvidia

Version 340.108 (legacy GPUs)
For support of GeForce 8 series through GeForce 300 series GPUs. (supported devices).

Add “contrib” and “non-free” components to /etc/apt/sources.list, for example:

Debian 10 “Buster”
deb http://deb.debian.org/debian/ buster main contrib non-free
Update the list of available packages, then we can install the nvidia-legacy-340xx-driver package:

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sudoapt update
sudo apt install nvidia-legacy-340xx-driver

DKMS will build the nvidia module for your system, via the nvidia-legacy-340xx-kernel-dkms package.
After, create an Xorg server configuration file and then restart your system to enable the nouveau blacklist.

配置xorg.conf文件，使用xfce桌面环境时，未配置该项会在锁屏时出现黑屏无法唤醒

sudo nano /etc/X11/xorg.conf

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Section "Module"
    Load "modesetting"
EndSection

Section "Device"
     Identifier "nvidia"
     Driver "nvidia"
     BusID "1:0:0"
     Option "AllowEmptyInitialConfiguration"
EndSection

重启完成安装